Retaining walls are critical geotechnical assets and their performance needs to be monitored\nin accordance to transportation asset management principles. Current practices for retaining wall\nmonitoring consist mostly of qualitative approaches that provide limited engineering information or\nthe methods include traditional geodetic surveying, which may provide high accuracy and reliability,\nbut is costly and time-consuming. This study focuses on evaluating failure modes of a 2.43 m Ã?â?? 2.43 m\nretaining wall model using three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry as a cost-effective quantitative\nalternative for retaining wall monitoring. As a remote sensing technique, photogrammetry integrates\nimages collected from a camera and creates a 3D model from the measured data points commonly\nreferred to as a point cloud. The results from this photogrammetric approach were compared to ground\ncontrol points surveyed with a total station. The analysis indicates that the accuracy of the displacement\nmeasurements between the traditional total station survey and photogrammetry were within 1ââ?¬â??3 cm.\nThe results are encouraging for the adoption of photogrammetry as a cost-effective monitoring tool\nfor the observation of spatial changes and failure modes for retaining wall condition assessment.
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